Making a proper splice is crucial to a long-lasting, trouble-free installation. A good splice is watertight, has good electrical conductivity, and is mechanically strong. There basically are two ways to make a splice – the tape method, and the shrink tube splice kit method. Before making either type of splice, thoroughly clean the surfaces of the pump cable several inches beyond the splice area to assure a good bond.
The Tape Method
The tape method was the only way to make a good splice until shrink tube splice kits became available. Many installers still use tape because it has worked for them for years and it makes a good, dependable connection. As shown in the Figure 1, you crimp the conductors together using stakons, wrap each conductor with a layer of rubber tape, followed with a layer of plastic electrical tape. This makes a watertight connection, and insulates the conductors from each other and the well casing. Properly done, this technique makes an excellent splice, but can be very time-consuming.Splice kits consist of stakons, which make the electrical connection, and shrink tubes, which make the splice watertight (see Figure 2). The shrink tube is a fall-out of the aerospace program. It is a polyolefin-based plastic tubing that has an adhesive coating on the inside, and a unique property that allows it to shrink in diameter to about a third of its expanded size when heated with a hot-air gun or torch. The adhesive bonds to the wire insulation, making a very strong, watertight joint.
Splice kits come in a number of configurations, and are sized for the particular pump cable size you are using. Kits for the smaller sizes of cable are designed to handle several sizes of pump cable. For instance, one kit will work for #10, #12 and #14 cables.
Transition Splices
Sometimes it is necessary to splice a large-size wire to a small wire, such as when you have a small pump in a fairly deep setting, requiring large-diameter cable to handle the length. The motor leads will be smaller than the pump cable, requiring a transition splice. If the transition is small, like between a #10 motor lead, and a #8 pump cable, just crimp the #8 stakon onto both of the wires. If the transition is between a #10 and a # 6 or larger, it usually is possible to crimp a #10/14 stakon to the small wire, and then crimp the larger stakon over the small stakon. This makes for a better splice both electrically and mechanically.Shrink Tubes
The same over-laying technique is used when installing the shrink tube over a transition splice. Cut a short length of #10/14 shrink tube, and shrink it onto the motor lead to increase its diameter so that the #6 shrink tube will make a good seal over the entire splice.Some shrink tube kit suppliers now offer transition splice kits. Check with your local distributor to see if it has access to these when the need arises.
Shrink tube material is available in four basic types – standard and heavy wall, and black or clear. Most installers prefer heavy wall. The choice between clear and black is up to you. Black has been the most popular for years, but clear is gaining in popularity because it allows the installer to see what is going on in the joint as it is being made.
Using Splice Kits
Making a splice with a splice kit is a six-step process.1. If you are splicing jacketed pump cable, strip the jacket back far enough to give you plenty of wire with which to work. Cut the individual conductors to a length that allows you to stagger the splices in order to minimize the overall diameter of the splice. This reduces the possibility that the splice will rub against the well casing and possibly short out.
2. Strip the insulation on each conductor far enough to allow the copper wire to protrude half way into the stakon.
3. Slide the shrink tubes over the insulation on all of the wires.
4. Crimp the stakons onto the conductors.
5. Center the shrink tubes over the crimp connectors, and heat the tubes, starting in the center and working toward the outsides until it is tight around the insulation, and adhesive has extruded out both ends. If using a torch, be careful not to burn the shrink tubes and wire insulation.
6. Seal the entire splice area with plastic electrical tape or a piece of large-diameter shrink tube, overlapping the splice by 3 inches to 4 inches.
Make sure to provide good mechanical support for your splices by taping the pump cable to the drop pipe above the splice, and taping the motor lead to the drop pipe below the splice. Even though the splice has good mechanical strength, proper support will assure a long-lasting, trouble-free connection.
Next month, we will continue the series on the electrical components of a pumped water system with a look at single-phase systems. ’Til then….
ND
