In a typical year, California gets about 30 percent of its water from ground water wells. Yet when it comes to managing this precious resource, the state of California relies on a mixed bag of more than 2,000 local water agencies with varying degrees of authority.
Critics say that this decentralized system leaves the state vulnerable to overdraft, which occurs when water is pumped out faster than replacement water is absorbed. But according to a new report published by Stanford University's Program on Water in the West, a surprising number of local water districts are taking on the challenge of ground water protection, even without state leadership.
"Contrary to popular expectations, our report uncovers a treasure trove of innovative strategies for ground water management in California," says the paper's author, Rebecca Nelson, a former Australian water lawyer who now is a graduate student in the Stanford Law School.
"The California legal framework for ground water management is weak," Nelson says. "It doesn't compel local districts to do anything, so many of them don't. But there are these gems in the rough. This report highlights the work of some of these outstanding managers."
Statewide Survey
To evaluate how well ground water is managed in California, Nelson first had to overcome the lack of basic information about ground water management in the state. Because California lacks a centralized data clearinghouse, she had to contact more than 50 local districts and request copies of their ground water management plans – if they had any. "Maybe on two hands you could count the districts that acknowledge the environmental effects of over-pumping," Nelson says.This lack of statewide data is a problem not only for researchers, but also for local water agencies wishing to learn from each other and develop a comprehensive regional strategy, she says.
Despite California's inherent decentralization, the survey revealed that some local districts are making advances on a number of fronts, including conservation and transparency. Nelson found that several water agencies are developing effective conservation strategies without state mandate. The Mendocino City and Soquel Creek water districts, for example, have opted to limit pumping by issuing permits and charging fees, much like those used to manage rivers, reservoirs and other surface waters.
To balance their water budgets, some districts are shifting their focus from water-supply augmentation to water-demand reduction. It's a politically risky approach, Nelson says, because most districts are governed by elected boards, and telling constituents that they no longer have unlimited access to ground water could jeopardize a board member's re-election campaign.
Transparency has been another historic problem, she says: "Ground water agencies are protective about their local information, because they fear that the state will intervene if it learns too much about local problems."
But in the survey, Nelson discovered that some agencies have begun to overcome this lack of transparency by forming new, unexpected partnerships. For example, the Northeastern San Joaquin County Groundwater Banking Authority in California's farm-rich Central Valley has decided to include environmental organizations in its ground water-management planning process. "It doesn't happen often that an agricultural district will bring in a group like the Sierra Club, but it's great when it does," Nelson says.
Critical Overdraft
A trained engineer, Nelson worked as in-house counsel for an interstate river basin commission in her native Australia before coming to Stanford to pursue a doctorate in law. She soon discovered that over-pumping had already caused serious problems in parts of California, where 11 ground water basins suffer from critical overdraft."Years of ground water siphoning can pose a variety of critical challenges," says Buzz Thompson, professor of law and co-director of the Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford. "As ground water tables fall, for example, the cost of pumping water to the ground increases. Ultimately, ground water use can become uneconomic."
Subsidence also is a serious issue, says Thompson, noting that parts of the Central Valley have sunk 30 feet or more as a result of ground water overdraft. "Overdrafting of ground water can also reduce flows in hydrologically connected rivers and, in the case of coastal aquifers, lead to saltwater intrusion," he adds.
State vs. Local
The current system for managing ground water in California evolved through a series of court battles between landowners over well rights dating back to the 1800s. Today, California is almost unique in having no statewide legislation providing for management of ground water use.Some experts recommend that a comprehensive strategy should be developed at the state level. But that's unlikely to happen, says Nelson, noting that many ground water users will oppose new state regulations that could chip away at their water rights.
Ultimately, Nelson hopes that her report will inspire water management districts to collaborate and create a comprehensive plan that makes sense for the entire state. "The homegrown innovations uncovered by this report point the way forward for local agencies to better manage ground water in California, and the way towards an updated and improved state policy structure to encourage them to do so," she says.
The Program on Water in the West is jointly run by the Woods Institute and The Bill Lane Center for the American West at Stanford. Nelson also is lead researcher with the Comparative Groundwater Law and Policy Program, a collaboration between the Program on Water in the West and the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney.
Donna Hesterman is a science-writer intern at the Woods Institute for the Environment.
