The Clarke Prize Lecture was given by environmental engineer Jerald Schnoor, the Allen S. Henry Chair of Engineering at the University of Iowa, who was selected as the 2010 NWRI Athalie Richardson Irvine Clarke Prize recipient for outstanding achievement in water science and technology.
In Schnoor’s Lecture, titled “Water Sustainability in a Changing World,” the term “water sustainability” is defined as “the continual supply of clean water for human uses and for other living things.” The problem, according to Schnoor, is that we either have too much water or too little water to meet our needs. Water allocations and available infrastructure are two examples of factors that affect the availability of water. These various factors change throughout time – changes, says Schnoor, “that are driven by human activities, not nature.” Four drivers that cause changes in water availability:
- Population growth. According to the United Nations
Environment Program, the average per capita supply of water will decline by
one-third by 2025. Yet, in that same amount of time, our global population is
expected to grow by over 1 billion people, with much of that growth occurring
in coastal regions where freshwater supplies are much more limited or
scarce.
- Climate change. Sea surface temperatures are rising, which in turn
increases precipitation. Increased precipitation results in increased moisture
in the atmosphere, meaning that global rainfall rates will likely increase. In
general, climate change will cause wet areas to get wetter and arid areas to
get drier. Both conditions stress existing water infrastructure. For instance,
more rainfall means more runoff, which could result in significant flooding
events – affecting communities built on flood plains or that rely upon aging
and outdated water infrastructure.
- Land-use change and energy choices. As populations grow, land is
converted for agricultural, industrial or municipal purposes, which often
requires more water or results in the degradation of water quality. For
instance, nitrogen and phosphorous from agricultural practices in the central
United States run off into the Mississippi River Basin and ultimately discharge
into the Gulf of Mexico, causing hypoxia (or “dead zones”) that threaten
fisheries in the region. Our energy choices also affect our water supplies.
Take the production of biofuels, for example. Corn requires considerable
amounts of water just to grow the crop – in areas where corn is irrigated,
7,000 gallons of water are needed to produce the feedstock to fuel a car with
10 gallons of corn-ethanol.
- Global poverty. One-billion people around the world live on less
than $1 a day. More than 900 million people do not have access to safe drinking
water, while 2 billion lack basic sanitation. Millions of children below the
age of 5 are dying from preventable waterborne diseases. “Poverty renders all
other actions to mitigate climate or land use change to be of secondary or low
importance,” says Schnoor.
Schnoor concluded the Clarke Lecture with several possible strategies to meet these challenges and achieve water sustainability. Among his suggestions:
- Incorporate best management practices for agriculture, developing a
permitting system similar to wastewater treatment plants to prevent the
over-enrichment and impairment of water bodies with nutrients like
nitrogen.
- Augment water supplies with recycled wastewater, both indirectly
(reusing treated domestic or industrial wastewater by discharging it to a
reservoir or aquifer) or directly (introducing recycled water into a potable
water distribution system downstream of a water treatment plant). Schnoor cites
the example of Singapore,
a city-state of 4.6 million people that recycles water for drinking water
purposes. “They are now an international hydro-hub,” says Schnoor, “having
solved most of their own water problems, created new jobs in a high technology
industry, and exported their water technology to others.”
- Invest in repairing, replacing and modernizing water infrastructure
in the United States, such as developing water treatment plants that do not
succumb to flood waters, that report their own mistakes, and return online
automatically after brief interruptions.
- Improve our ability to monitor, model and forecast water resources.
With such ability, says Schnoor, we could warn fisherman of the levels and
locations of hypoxia in Gulf water, alert water treatment plant operators of
potential pathogens arriving from downriver, and make informed management
decisions in the event of toxic spills or terrorist
threats.
- Empower people with the knowledge, capital or contacts needed to provide proper sanitation and access to safe drinking water in impoverished areas.
